Estimation, Costing & Valuation Notes for UPSSSC JE | Methods, Rate Analysis, Valuation | Hindi

2.8 निर्माण अनुमान एवं मूल्यांकन
(Estimation, Costing & Valuation)
UPSSSC JE – Complete Notes

Exam Focus: यह topic UPSSSC JE / SSC JE में Direct + Conceptual + Numerical तीनों प्रकार से पूछा जाता है।

🔹 1. Estimation (अनुमान) – Introduction

Estimation वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें किसी भी civil engineering project के लिए required quantities और approximate cost पहले से calculate की जाती है।

सरल शब्दों में – “काम शुरू होने से पहले यह पता लगाना कि कितना material लगेगा और कितना पैसा खर्च होगा” इसे estimation कहते हैं।

📌 UPSSSC JE Point: Estimation is the backbone of planning, tendering and execution.

🔹 2. Importance of Estimation (महत्व)

• Project की total cost जानने के लिए
• Government approval प्राप्त करने के लिए
• Tender prepare करने के लिए
• Material requirement जानने के लिए
• Labour & machinery planning के लिए
• Time management एवं budget control के लिए

📌 Exam Trick: अगर question आए – “Why estimation is required?” तो answer में Cost, Tender, Approval, Planning जरूर लिखें।

🔹 3. Types of Estimates (अनुमानों के प्रकार)

3.1 Preliminary / Rough Estimate

यह estimate project के initial stage में बनाया जाता है।

• Approximate cost
• Based on plinth area / cubic rate
• Administrative approval के लिए

Example: Rough cost of school building = Area × Plinth area rate

3.2 Detailed Estimate

यह सबसे important estimate होता है।

• Item-wise quantities
• Detailed drawings के आधार पर
• Technical sanction के लिए

📌 UPSSSC JE Favourite Line: Detailed estimate is prepared after complete drawings and specifications.

3.3 Revised Estimate

जब original estimate से cost 5–10% से ज्यादा बढ़ जाए, तब revised estimate बनता है।

3.4 Supplementary Estimate

जब original work के साथ additional work शामिल करना हो।

3.5 Annual Repair & Maintenance Estimate

• White washing
• Painting
• Minor repairs

🔹 4. Methods of Estimation (अनुमान की विधियाँ)

Estimation methods का उपयोग quantities निकालने के लिए किया जाता है।

4.1 Long Wall – Short Wall Method

• Most commonly used method
• Walls classified as Long and Short
• Length varies at each layer

Formula:
Long wall length = Centre to centre length + half breadth
Short wall length = Centre to centre length – half breadth

📌 Exam Note: UPSSSC JE में अक्सर पूछा जाता है – “Which method is most accurate?” 👉 Answer: Long wall – Short wall method

4.2 Centre Line Method

इस method में सभी walls की centre line length ली जाती है।

• Fast method
• Symmetrical buildings के लिए suitable
• Calculation easy

📌 Difference पूछे जाने पर: Centre line method – Fast Long wall method – More accurate

✅ PART–1 Complete
✔ Estimation Introduction ✔ Importance ✔ Types of Estimates ✔ Methods of Estimation (Start) 👉 Next: PART–2 • Detailed Long wall vs Centre line (Numerical) • Plinth area method • Cubical content method

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–2 : Methods of Estimation (Detailed)

Exam Focus: PART–2 से UPSSSC JE में Direct MCQ + Numerical पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Long Wall – Short Wall Method

यह method सबसे accurate माना जाता है और government works में widely used है।

🔸 Principle

• Walls को Long wall और Short wall में divide किया जाता है
• हर layer (foundation, plinth, superstructure) में length बदलती है

🔸 Formula

Long Wall Length = C/C length + ½ breadth
Short Wall Length = C/C length – ½ breadth

🔸 Steps

1. Centre to centre length find करें
2. Foundation breadth determine करें
3. Each layer के लिए length calculate करें
4. Quantity = Length × Breadth × Depth

📌 UPSSSC JE Note: Most accurate method = Long wall – Short wall

🔹 2. Centre Line Method

इस method में सभी walls की centre line length ली जाती है।

🔸 Principle

• Centre line length constant रहती है
• Quantity = Total C/L × Breadth × Depth

🔸 Suitability

• Symmetrical buildings
• Same wall thickness

📌 Exam Point: Centre line method is fast but less accurate

🔹 3. Comparison (Very Important for MCQ)

Point	Long Wall Method	Centre Line Method
Accuracy	High	Moderate
Speed	Slow	Fast
Complex Buildings	Suitable	Not suitable
Exam Preference	Very High	High

🔹 4. Plinth Area Method

यह method Preliminary / Rough Estimate के लिए use होती है।

🔸 Formula

Cost = Plinth Area × Plinth Area Rate

🔸 Plinth Area includes

• Wall thickness
• Rooms, verandah
• Staircase

🔸 Excludes

• Courtyard
• Open terrace

📌 MCQ: Plinth area method is used for Administrative approval

🔹 5. Cubical Content Method

यह method plinth area method से ज्यादा accurate होती है।

🔸 Formula

Cubic Content = Plinth Area × Height

🔸 Uses

• Multi-storey buildings
• Height variation projects

📌 Exam Trick: Cubical content method > Plinth area method (accuracy wise)

✅ PART–2 Complete
✔ Long wall – Short wall (Detail) ✔ Centre line method ✔ Comparison table ✔ Plinth area method ✔ Cubical content method 👉 Next: PART–3 • Detailed Estimate preparation • BOQ (Bill of Quantities) • Measurement rules (IS 1200)

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–3 : Detailed Estimate, BOQ & IS 1200

Exam Focus: PART–3 से Direct Theory + MCQ + Conceptual Questions पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Detailed Estimate (विस्तृत अनुमान)

Detailed Estimate वह अनुमान है जिसमें project के सभी items की quantity, rate और total cost item-wise calculate की जाती है।

🔸 Purpose

• Technical sanction प्राप्त करने के लिए
• Exact project cost जानने के लिए
• Tendering process के लिए

🔸 Requirements

• Complete drawings (Plan, Elevation, Section)
• Specifications
• Current Schedule of Rates (SOR)

🔸 Steps to Prepare Detailed Estimate

1. Study drawings carefully
2. Calculate quantities item-wise
3. Apply correct unit of measurement
4. Multiply quantity with rate
5. Add contingencies & work charged establishment

📌 UPSSSC JE Note: Detailed estimate is prepared only after complete drawings are available.

🔹 2. Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

BOQ वह document है जिसमें सभी construction items की description, quantity, unit और rate दी जाती है।

🔸 Purpose of BOQ

• Tender comparison
• Fair competition
• Payment calculation

🔸 Typical BOQ Format

Item No.	Description	Unit	Quantity	Rate	Amount
1	Earthwork in excavation	m³	50	₹200	₹10,000
2	Brick masonry	m³	30	₹5,000	₹1,50,000

📌 Exam Point: BOQ helps in transparent tendering.

🔹 3. Measurement Rules as per IS 1200

IS 1200 code में civil works की standard measurement rules दिए गए हैं।

🔸 General Rules

• All dimensions in metre
• Volume in cubic metre (m³)
• Area in square metre (m²)
• Length in running metre (m)

🔸 Important IS 1200 Measurement Rules (PYQ Favourite)

• Earthwork measured in m³
• Concrete measured in m³
• Brickwork measured in m³
• Plastering measured in m²
• Painting measured in m²
• Steel reinforcement measured in kg or tonne
• Formwork measured in m²

📌 MCQ Tip: “Formwork is measured in?” → m²

🔸 Deductions in Measurement

• Openings < 0.1 m² → No deduction
• Openings > 0.1 m² → Deduction required

✅ PART–3 Complete
✔ Detailed Estimate ✔ BOQ with format ✔ IS 1200 measurement rules 👉 Next: PART–4 • Analysis of Rates • Labour, Material & Tools • Profit, Overheads, Lead & Lift

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–4 : Analysis of Rates

Exam Focus: Rate Analysis से UPSSSC JE में Direct Numerical + MCQ आते हैं।

🔹 1. Rate Analysis – Introduction

Rate Analysis वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें किसी item of work की unit cost calculate की जाती है।

Rate Analysis बताता है कि 1 unit work (जैसे 1 m³ concrete) को करने में material, labour, T&P, overheads और profit कितना लगेगा।

📌 Exam Line: Rate analysis determines the fair cost of an item of work.

🔹 2. Components of Rate Analysis

• Cost of Materials
• Cost of Labour
• Tools & Plants (T&P)
• Overheads
• Contractor’s Profit

🔹 3. Cost of Materials

Material cost includes:

• Basic cost at source
• Carriage (Lead & Lift)
• Wastage
• Royalties & taxes

📌 Lead: Horizontal distance of material transport
📌 Lift: Vertical distance of material transport

🔹 4. Cost of Labour

Labour cost depends on:

• Out-turn of labour
• Wages per day
• Type of work

📌 Out-turn: Quantity of work done by a labour in one day.

🔹 5. Tools & Plants (T&P)

T&P include:

• Small tools
• Machinery
• Scaffolding

Usually T&P charges are taken as 1–2% of estimated cost.

🔹 6. Overheads

Overheads are indirect expenses:

• Office expenses
• Supervision
• Electricity & water
• Insurance

📌 Exam Point: Overheads are generally taken as 2–5% of total cost.

🔹 7. Contractor’s Profit

Contractor profit ensures:

• Business sustainability
• Risk coverage

📌 Standard Profit: 8–10% of total cost (UPSSSC JE favourite)

✅ PART–4 Complete
✔ Rate analysis basics ✔ Material, Labour, T&P ✔ Lead & Lift ✔ Overheads & Profit 👉 Next: PART–5 • Rate Analysis Numericals • Standard Out-turn values • Cement, Concrete, Brickwork analysis

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–5 : Rate Analysis – Numericals & Out-turn

Exam Focus: PART–5 से Direct Numerical (10–15 marks) पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Standard Out-turn (Labour Constants)

Item of Work	Out-turn (per day)
Brickwork in CM (1:6)	1.25 m³ / mason
Plain Cement Concrete (1:2:4)	2.5 m³ / gang
Plastering 12 mm thick	10 m² / mason
Earthwork (ordinary soil)	2.8 m³ / labour
Reinforcement fixing	100 kg / fitter

📌 PYQ Tip: Out-turn values सीधे MCQ में पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 2. Rate Analysis of Brickwork (1 m³)

🔸 Data (Typical)

• No. of bricks ≈ 500 bricks/m³
• Cement mortar = 1:6
• Mortar quantity ≈ 0.30 m³

🔸 Material Calculation

• Cement = (1/7) × 0.30 = 0.043 m³ ≈ 1.25 bags
• Sand = (6/7) × 0.30 = 0.257 m³

🔸 Labour (Typical)

• Mason = 1 No.
• Helper = 1 No.

📌 Exam Line: Brickwork rate = Material + Labour + T&P + Overheads + Profit

🔹 3. Rate Analysis of PCC (1 m³, 1:2:4)

🔸 Dry Volume

Dry volume = 1 × 1.54 = 1.54 m³

🔸 Material Calculation

• Cement = (1/7) × 1.54 = 0.22 m³ ≈ 6.3 bags
• Sand = (2/7) × 1.54 = 0.44 m³
• Aggregate = (4/7) × 1.54 = 0.88 m³

🔸 Labour

• Mason = 0.5
• Helper = 2–3

📌 PYQ: Dry volume factor for concrete = 1.54

🔹 4. Rate Analysis of Plaster (12 mm, 1:6)

🔸 Volume of Mortar

Volume = Area × Thickness = 10 m² × 0.012 = 0.12 m³

🔸 Materials

• Cement = (1/7) × 0.12 = 0.017 m³ ≈ 0.5 bag
• Sand = (6/7) × 0.12 = 0.103 m³

🔸 Labour

• Mason = 1
• Helper = 1

🔹 5. Quick Numerical (Exam Type)

Q. Calculate cement bags required for 1 m³ PCC (1:2:4).

Ans: Cement ≈ 6.3 bags

🔹 6. Common Mistakes (Avoid in Exam)

• Dry volume factor भूल जाना
• Wastage not considered
• Profit & overheads miss करना
• Wrong unit (m² vs m³)

✅ PART–5 Complete
✔ Standard out-turn table ✔ Brickwork, PCC, Plaster analysis ✔ Solved numericals ✔ Exam tips 👉 Next: PART–6 • Valuation (Market, Scrap, Salvage) • Sinking Fund & Depreciation • Capitalised Value (PYQ)

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–6 : Valuation, Depreciation & Sinking Fund

Exam Focus: Valuation से UPSSSC JE में Direct Definition + Formula + MCQ पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Valuation (मूल्यांकन) – Introduction

Valuation वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा किसी property या structure का present worth (वर्तमान मूल्य) determine किया जाता है।

📌 Exam Line: Valuation is the art of estimating the present value of a property.

🔸 Purpose of Valuation

• Sale & purchase of property
• Rent fixation
• Tax assessment
• Insurance
• Loan & mortgage

🔹 2. Types of Value (Very Important)

2.1 Market Value

Market value वह price है जिस पर property open market में बिक सकती है।

📌 Depends on: Demand, location, utility

2.2 Book Value

Book value = Original cost – Depreciation

2.3 Capitalised Value

Capitalised value = Net annual income × Years’ Purchase

📌 Exam Formula:
Capitalised Value = Net income / Rate of interest

2.4 Rental Value

Property से मिलने वाला annual rent।

🔹 3. Scrap Value & Salvage Value

3.1 Scrap Value

Structure के demolition के बाद material बेचकर मिलने वाला value।

3.2 Salvage Value

Useful materials (doors, windows, steel) का resale value।

📌 MCQ Tip: Scrap value < Salvage value

🔹 4. Depreciation (ह्रास)

Depreciation property की value में time के साथ होने वाली कमी को कहते हैं।

🔸 Causes of Depreciation

• Wear & tear
• Weather effect
• Obsolescence
• Neglect

🔸 Methods of Depreciation

(a) Straight Line Method

Annual depreciation = (Original cost – Scrap value) / Life

(b) Constant Percentage Method

Value reduces by fixed % every year.

(c) Sinking Fund Method

Annual amount deposited to replace asset after its life.

📌 UPSSSC JE Favourite: Most accurate method = Sinking fund method

🔹 5. Sinking Fund

Sinking Fund वह fund है जिसमें हर साल कुछ राशि जमा की जाती है ताकि asset के end of life पर replacement हो सके।

🔸 Formula

Annual Sinking Fund = (Replacement cost – Scrap value) × i / ((1+i)ⁿ – 1)

Where, i = rate of interest n = life of building (years)

📌 MCQ Tip: Sinking fund considers compound interest

✅ PART–6 Complete
✔ Valuation basics ✔ Market, Book, Capitalised value ✔ Scrap & Salvage value ✔ Depreciation methods ✔ Sinking fund with formula 👉 Next: PART–7 • Contract Management • Types of Contracts • Tender, EMD, Security Deposit • Arbitration (PYQ)

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–7 : Contract Management & Tendering

Exam Focus: Contract Management से UPSSSC JE में Direct Theory + MCQ पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Contract – Introduction

Contract एक legal agreement है जो दो या अधिक parties के बीच किसी work को करने या न करने के लिए बनाया जाता है।

🔸 Essential Elements of Contract

• Offer
• Acceptance
• Lawful consideration
• Competent parties
• Lawful object

📌 MCQ: Contract becomes valid only when all essentials are present.

🔹 2. Types of Contracts

2.1 Lump Sum Contract

• Fixed total cost
• Suitable when drawings complete हों

2.2 Item Rate Contract

• Payment item-wise
• Most common in government works

2.3 Percentage Rate Contract

• Rates based on SOR ± percentage

2.4 Cost Plus Contract

• Actual cost + fixed percentage profit

2.5 Labour Contract

• Contractor supplies only labour

📌 Exam Favourite: Most commonly used contract = Item rate contract

🔹 3. Tender (निविदा)

Tender एक formal offer है जो contractor द्वारा department को दिया जाता है।

🔸 Types of Tender

• Open Tender
• Limited Tender
• Single Tender
• Negotiated Tender

📌 MCQ: Open tender ensures maximum competition.

🔹 4. Earnest Money Deposit (EMD)

EMD वह राशि है जो contractor tender के साथ जमा करता है।

• Ensures seriousness of bidder
• Generally 1–2% of estimated cost

🔸 Security Deposit

• Deducted from running bills
• Generally 5–10% of contract value

🔹 5. Arbitration

Arbitration dispute resolution का legal तरीका है जिसमें third party (Arbitrator) decision देता है।

• Avoids court litigation
• Time-saving & economical

📌 UPSSSC JE MCQ: Arbitration avoids court cases.

✅ PART–7 Complete
✔ Contract basics ✔ Types of contracts ✔ Tendering process ✔ EMD & Security deposit ✔ Arbitration 👉 Next: PART–8 • Extra Items & Deviation • Escalation clause • Measurement Book (MB) • Completion Certificate

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–8 : Extra Item, MB & Bills

Exam Focus: PART–8 से Direct Definition + MCQ + Practical Questions पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Extra Item (अतिरिक्त मद)

Extra Item वह work है जो original agreement में शामिल नहीं होता लेकिन site condition के कारण करना आवश्यक हो जाता है।

🔸 Characteristics

• Not included in original BOQ
• Requires approval of competent authority
• Paid at analysed rate

📌 MCQ: Extra items are paid on the basis of rate analysis.

🔹 2. Deviation (विचलन)

Deviation का अर्थ है sanctioned quantity या specification में परिवर्तन।

🔸 Types of Deviation

• Positive deviation – Quantity increase
• Negative deviation – Quantity decrease

📌 UPSSSC JE Point: Deviation beyond permissible limit requires revised sanction.

🔹 3. Escalation Clause

Escalation Clause contract में वह provision है जो material, labour या fuel की price बढ़ने पर contractor को compensation देता है।

🔸 Purpose

• Protection against inflation
• Long duration projects

📌 Exam MCQ: Escalation clause protects contractor against price rise.

🔹 4. Measurement Book (MB)

Measurement Book वह official record है जिसमें site पर execute किए गए काम की measurement दर्ज की जाती है।

🔸 Importance

• Basis of payment
• Permanent official record
• Audit reference

📌 Exam Line: MB is the most important financial document in construction.

🔹 5. Types of Bills

5.1 Running Account Bill (RA Bill)

• Interim payment
• Paid periodically

5.2 Final Bill

• Prepared after completion of work
• Includes all adjustments

🔹 6. Completion Certificate

Completion certificate certify करता है कि work as per specification & agreement complete हो चुका है।

📌 Issued after final inspection of work.

✅ PART–8 Complete
✔ Extra item & deviation ✔ Escalation clause ✔ Measurement Book ✔ RA Bill, Final Bill ✔ Completion certificate 👉 Next: PART–9 • Specification (General & Detailed) • Schedule of Rates (SOR) • Contingencies & Work Charged Establishment

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–9 : Specifications, SOR & Contingencies

Exam Focus: PART–9 से UPSSSC JE में Direct Theory + MCQ बहुत पूछे जाते हैं।

🔹 1. Specification (विशेष विवरण) – Introduction

Specification वह written document है जिसमें materials की quality, workmanship, method of execution और standards clearly define किए जाते हैं।

📌 Exam Line: Specification defines the quality of work.

🔸 Importance of Specification

• Quality control
• Uniformity of work
• Dispute avoidance
• Basis of rate analysis

🔹 2. Types of Specification

2.1 General Specification

• Overall description of work
• Broad guidelines only
• Used in preliminary estimate

2.2 Detailed Specification

• Item-wise detailed description
• Material, proportion, method included
• Used in detailed estimate & contract

📌 Exam Favourite: Detailed specification is used for rate analysis.

🔹 3. Schedule of Rates (SOR)

SOR वह document है जिसमें standard rates of construction items दिए जाते हैं।

🔸 Prepared by

• CPWD
• State PWD
• Other government departments

🔸 Purpose of SOR

• Uniformity in rates
• Preparation of estimates
• Basis of tendering

📌 MCQ: SOR ensures uniform rates in a region.

🔹 4. Contingencies

Contingencies वह provision है जो unexpected items को cover करने के लिए रखा जाता है।

• Generally 3–5% of estimated cost
• Used only with approval

📌 Exam MCQ: Contingencies are provided for unforeseen expenses.

🔹 5. Work-Charged Establishment

Work-charged establishment में वह staff शामिल होता है जो project duration तक ही employed रहता है।

• Supervisors
• Clerks
• Watchmen

📌 Exam Line: Work-charged staff is paid from project cost.

✅ PART–9 Complete
✔ Specification (General & Detailed) ✔ Schedule of Rates (SOR) ✔ Contingencies ✔ Work-charged establishment 👉 Next: PART–10 (FINAL) • Complete Revision Notes • One-liner PYQ points • Exam-oriented Summary & MCQs

2.8 Construction Estimation, Costing & Valuation
PART–10 (FINAL) : Complete Revision & PYQ One-liners

Exam Focus: यह भाग Last-Day Revision के लिए बनाया गया है – Direct MCQ recall.

🔹 A. Ultra-Quick Revision (Key Facts)

• Most accurate estimation method = Long wall – Short wall
• Fastest estimation method = Centre line method
• Plinth area method used for = Preliminary estimate
• Cubical content method is more accurate than plinth area
• Detailed estimate prepared after = Complete drawings
• BOQ ensures = Transparent tendering
• Earthwork, concrete, brickwork measured in = m³
• Plastering & painting measured in = m²
• Formwork measured in = m²
• Steel reinforcement measured in = kg / tonne

🔹 B. Rate Analysis – One-liners

• Dry volume factor for concrete = 1.54
• Out-turn means = Work done per labour per day
• Lead = Horizontal transport distance
• Lift = Vertical transport distance
• T&P charges generally = 1–2%
• Overheads generally = 2–5%
• Contractor’s profit = 8–10%
• Brickwork bricks per m³ ≈ 500 Nos.
• Extra items paid at = Analysed rate

🔹 C. Valuation – One-liners (High Scoring)

• Valuation finds = Present worth of property
• Market value depends on = Demand, location & utility
• Book value = Original cost – Depreciation
• Capitalised value = Net income / Rate of interest
• Scrap value < Salvage value
• Depreciation = Loss of value with time
• Most accurate depreciation method = Sinking fund
• Sinking fund considers = Compound interest

🔹 D. Contract & Tender – One-liners

• Most common contract = Item rate contract
• Open tender ensures = Maximum competition
• EMD ensures = Seriousness of bidder
• EMD amount ≈ 1–2% of estimated cost
• Security deposit ≈ 5–10% of contract value
• Arbitration avoids = Court litigation
• Escalation clause protects against = Price rise

🔹 E. MB, Bills & Records

• MB = Most important financial record
• RA bill = Interim payment
• Final bill prepared after = Completion of work
• Completion certificate issued after = Final inspection

🔹 F. Specification & SOR – One-liners

• Specification defines = Quality of work
• Detailed specification used for = Rate analysis
• SOR prepared by = CPWD / State PWD
• SOR ensures = Uniform rates
• Contingencies provided for = Unforeseen items
• Contingencies ≈ 3–5%
• Work-charged staff paid from = Project cost

🔹 G. Expected MCQs (Last-Minute)

1. Most accurate method of estimation is — Long wall–Short wall
2. Formwork is measured in — m²
3. Dry volume factor for PCC is — 1.54
4. Extra items are paid at — Analysed rate
5. EMD is taken to ensure — Seriousness of bidder
6. Book value equals — Original cost – Depreciation
7. Most accurate depreciation method — Sinking fund
8. MB is used for — Recording measurements
9. Open tender ensures — Maximum competition
10. Contingencies cover — Unforeseen expenditure

🎯 CHAPTER STATUS: 100% COMPLETE
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SET-1 : Estimation Basics (Q1–25)

Q1. Estimation का अर्थ क्या है?

Advance calculation of project cost

Q2. Estimation का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Planning and budget control

Q3. सबसे accurate estimation method कौन सा है?

Long wall – Short wall method

Q4. सबसे तेज estimation method कौन सा है?

Centre line method

Q5. Preliminary estimate किसके लिए बनाया जाता है?

Administrative approval के लिए

Q6. Detailed estimate किसके लिए बनाया जाता है?

Technical sanction के लिए

Q7. Detailed estimate कब prepare किया जाता है?

Complete drawings के बाद

Q8. Plinth area method किस estimate में उपयोग होता है?

Preliminary / rough estimate

Q9. Cubical content method किससे अधिक accurate है?

Plinth area method से

Q10. BOQ का full form क्या है?

Bill of Quantities

Q11. BOQ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Transparent tendering

Q12. Measurement rules किस code में दिए गए हैं?

IS 1200

Q13. Earthwork किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Cubic metre (m³)

Q14. Brickwork किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Cubic metre (m³)

Q15. Concrete किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Cubic metre (m³)

Q16. Plastering किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Square metre (m²)

Q17. Painting किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Square metre (m²)

Q18. Formwork किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Square metre (m²)

Q19. Steel reinforcement किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

kg या tonne

Q20. 0.1 m² से छोटे opening पर deduction होता है?

नहीं (No deduction)

Q21. Centre line method किस building के लिए suitable है?

Symmetrical building

Q22. Long wall method किस building के लिए suitable है?

Complex building

Q23. Volume निकालने का formula क्या है?

Length × Breadth × Depth

Q24. DPC किस unit में measure होती है?

Square metre (m²)

Q25. Estimation civil engineering का क्या है?

Backbone

SET–2 : Estimation & Measurement (Q26–Q50)

Q26. White washing किस unit में measure की जाती है?

Square metre (m²)

Q27. Flooring सामान्यतः किस unit में measure होती है?

Square metre (m²)

Q28. RCC work किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Cubic metre (m³)

Q29. Formwork estimation में किस area को consider किया जाता है?

Contact area of concrete surface

Q30. Staircase area किस area में शामिल होता है?

Plinth area

Q31. Courtyard किस area से exclude किया जाता है?

Plinth area

Q32. Carpet area में क्या include नहीं होता?

Wall thickness

Q33. Built-up area, carpet area से कैसा होता है?

Greater than carpet area

Q34. Abstract of cost में क्या दर्शाया जाता है?

Total estimated cost

Q35. Estimate के साथ कौन-से documents attach होते हैं?

Drawings & specifications

Q36. Revised estimate कब बनाया जाता है?

When cost exceeds sanctioned limit

Q37. Supplementary estimate क्यों बनाया जाता है?

For additional works

Q38. Annual repair estimate किसके लिए होता है?

Routine maintenance works

Q39. Measurement Book (MB) क्या है?

Official record of measurements

Q40. MB का उपयोग किसके लिए होता है?

Payment of contractor

Q41. Measurement हमेशा किसमें record की जाती है?

Measurement Book

Q42. MB में correction allowed होती है?

No, only proper attestation allowed

Q43. Running Account Bill (RA Bill) क्या है?

Interim payment bill

Q44. Final bill कब prepared किया जाता है?

After completion of work

Q45. Completion certificate कब issue किया जाता है?

After final inspection

Q46. Estimate की validity कैसी होती है?

Limited period

Q47. Measurement unit of length क्या है?

Running metre

Q48. Estimation error से क्या होता है?

Cost overrun

Q49. Estimation किस stage पर सबसे ज़रूरी है?

Planning stage

Q50. Estimation & costing का ultimate aim क्या है?

Financial control

SET–3 : Rate Analysis (Q51–Q75)

Q51. Rate analysis का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Unit cost of an item determine करना

Q52. Rate analysis किस quantity के लिए किया जाता है?

One unit of work

Q53. Rate analysis के मुख्य components कौन-कौन से हैं?

Material, Labour, T&P, Overheads, Profit

Q54. Concrete के लिए dry volume factor कितना होता है?

1.54

Q55. Mortar (brickwork) के लिए dry volume factor कितना माना जाता है?

1.30 (approx.)

Q56. Lead का अर्थ क्या है?

Horizontal transport distance

Q57. Lift का अर्थ क्या है?

Vertical transport distance

Q58. Out-turn का अर्थ क्या है?

Work done by labour per day

Q59. Contractor का standard profit कितना माना जाता है?

8–10%

Q60. Overheads सामान्यतः कितने प्रतिशत लिए जाते हैं?

2–5%

Q61. Tools & Plants (T&P) charges सामान्यतः कितने प्रतिशत होते हैं?

1–2%

Q62. 1 m³ brick masonry में लगभग कितनी ईंटें लगती हैं?

≈ 500 bricks

Q63. Brick masonry के लिए सामान्य mortar ratio क्या होता है?

1:6 (cement:sand)

Q64. Cement के एक bag का standard volume कितना है?

0.035 m³

Q65. Cement के एक bag का standard weight कितना होता है?

50 kg

Q66. Sand का maximum bulking लगभग कितना होता है?

30%

Q67. Extra item का payment किस basis पर किया जाता है?

Analysed rate

Q68. Rate analysis में royalty किस cost में शामिल होती है?

Material cost

Q69. Scaffolding charges किस head में शामिल होते हैं?

Tools & Plants (T&P)

Q70. Machine mixing से किस cost में कमी आती है?

Labour cost

Q71. Rate analysis का base document क्या होता है?

Schedule of Rates (SOR)

Q72. Rate analysis region-wise अलग क्यों होता है?

Material & labour rates vary

Q73. Rate analysis किस contract type में सबसे अधिक उपयोग होता है?

Item rate contract

Q74. Rate analysis का मुख्य लाभ क्या है?

Fair and realistic costing

Q75. Rate analysis किसके लिए अनिवार्य है?

Extra items & tendering

SET–4 : Valuation & Depreciation (Q76–Q100)

Q76. Valuation का अर्थ क्या है?

Present worth of property determine करना

Q77. Market value किस पर निर्भर करती है?

Demand, location & utility

Q78. Book value किसके बराबर होती है?

Original cost – depreciation

Q79. Capitalised value का basic formula क्या है?

Net annual income / rate of interest

Q80. Rental value का अर्थ क्या है?

Property से मिलने वाला annual rent

Q81. Scrap value क्या होती है?

Demolition के बाद material की value

Q82. Salvage value क्या होती है?

Reusable materials की resale value

Q83. Scrap value और salvage value में कौन-सी अधिक होती है?

Salvage value

Q84. Depreciation का अर्थ क्या है?

Time के साथ value में कमी

Q85. Depreciation के मुख्य कारण क्या हैं?

Wear & tear, weather, obsolescence

Q86. Straight line method में depreciation कैसा होता है?

Every year equal amount

Q87. सबसे accurate depreciation method कौन-सा है?

Sinking fund method

Q88. Sinking fund method किस principle पर based है?

Compound interest

Q89. Depreciation किस property पर लागू नहीं होता?

Land

Q90. Insurance value में क्या exclude किया जाता है?

Land cost

Q91. Distress value क्या दर्शाती है?

Forced sale value

Q92. Capitalised value का उपयोग कहाँ होता है?

Income-producing property

Q93. Net annual income कैसे निकाली जाती है?

Gross income – outgoings

Q94. Outgoings में क्या शामिल होते हैं?

Taxes, repairs & maintenance

Q95. RCC building की average life कितनी मानी जाती है?

60–80 years

Q96. Valuation की आवश्यकता क्यों होती है?

Sale, mortgage, tax & insurance

Q97. Land value सामान्यतः समय के साथ क्या करती है?

Appreciate (increase)

Q98. Valuation report कौन तैयार करता है?

Authorized engineer / valuer

Q99. Capitalised value interest rate कम होने पर क्या होगी?

Higher

Q100. Valuation को क्या कहा जाता है?

Art as well as science

SET–5 : Contracts & Tender (Q101–Q125)

Q101. Contract क्या है?

Two or more parties के बीच legal agreement

Q102. Contract के essential elements कौन-कौन से हैं?

Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, Competent parties

Q103. Government works में सबसे common contract कौन-सा है?

Item rate contract

Q104. Lump sum contract कब suitable होता है?

When drawings & specifications are complete

Q105. Percentage rate contract किस पर based होता है?

SOR ± quoted percentage

Q106. Cost plus contract में contractor को क्या मिलता है?

Actual cost + fixed percentage profit

Q107. Labour contract में contractor क्या supply करता है?

Only labour

Q108. Tender क्या होता है?

Formal offer to execute work

Q109. Open tender का मुख्य लाभ क्या है?

Maximum competition

Q110. Limited tender किन्हें invite किया जाता है?

Selected contractors

Q111. Single tender कब अपनाया जाता है?

Emergency / proprietary works

Q112. Negotiated tender का अर्थ क्या है?

Rates decided by mutual discussion

Q113. EMD का full form क्या है?

Earnest Money Deposit

Q114. EMD का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Ensure seriousness of bidder

Q115. EMD सामान्यतः कितने प्रतिशत होती है?

1–2% of estimated cost

Q116. Security Deposit (SD) का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Ensure proper performance of work

Q117. Security Deposit सामान्यतः कितना होता है?

5–10% of contract value

Q118. Agreement कब signed किया जाता है?

After acceptance of tender

Q119. Contract document में क्या-क्या शामिल होते हैं?

Drawings, BOQ, specifications & conditions

Q120. Tender validity period का अर्थ क्या है?

Time during which tender remains open

Q121. Lowest tender हमेशा accept किया जाता है?

No, not always

Q122. Tender notice कहाँ publish किया जाता है?

Newspaper / e-portal

Q123. Agreement किस पर signed होती है?

Stamp paper

Q124. Contract किस act के अनुसार governed होता है?

Indian Contract Act

Q125. Contract documents की legal nature क्या होती है?

Legally binding

SET–6 : Arbitration, Escalation & Extra Items (Q126–Q150)

Q126. Arbitration का अर्थ क्या है?

Dispute resolution by third party

Q127. Arbitration का मुख्य लाभ क्या है?

Avoids court litigation

Q128. Arbitrator कौन होता है?

Neutral third party

Q129. Arbitration award की nature कैसी होती है?

Binding on both parties

Q130. Escalation clause का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Compensation against price rise

Q131. Escalation clause किन projects में दी जाती है?

Long duration projects

Q132. Escalation clause किन costs पर लागू होती है?

Material, labour & fuel

Q133. Escalation calculation किस basis पर होती है?

Price index

Q134. Extra item क्या होता है?

Item not included in original BOQ

Q135. Extra item क्यों arise होता है?

Site condition / design change

Q136. Extra item का payment किस basis पर किया जाता है?

Analysed rate

Q137. Extra item के लिए approval किससे लिया जाता है?

Competent authority

Q138. Deviation का अर्थ क्या है?

Change in quantity or specification

Q139. Positive deviation का अर्थ क्या है?

Increase in quantity

Q140. Negative deviation का अर्थ क्या है?

Decrease in quantity

Q141. Deviation limit से अधिक होने पर क्या आवश्यक है?

Revised sanction

Q142. Measurement Book (MB) का full form क्या है?

Measurement Book

Q143. MB का उपयोग किस purpose के लिए होता है?

Basis of payment

Q144. MB की nature कैसी होती है?

Permanent official record

Q145. Running Account Bill (RA Bill) क्या है?

Interim payment bill

Q146. Final bill कब prepared किया जाता है?

After completion of work

Q147. Completion certificate कब issue किया जाता है?

After final inspection

Q148. Completion certificate का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Certify work as per agreement

Q149. Security deposit refund कब किया जाता है?

After defect liability period

Q150. Extra items & deviation किस stage पर अधिक आते हैं?

Execution stage

SET–7 : Specifications, SOR & Contingencies (Q151–Q175)

Q151. Specification का अर्थ क्या है?

Quality, material & workmanship का written description

Q152. Specification का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Quality control और disputes avoid करना

Q153. General specification क्या बताती है?

Work का overall description

Q154. Detailed specification का उपयोग कहाँ होता है?

Rate analysis और contract documents में

Q155. Detailed specification में क्या-क्या शामिल होता है?

Material, proportion, method & workmanship

Q156. Schedule of Rates (SOR) क्या है?

Standard rates का approved document

Q157. SOR कौन prepare करता है?

PWD / CPWD / State departments

Q158. SOR का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Uniformity in rates ensure करना

Q159. SOR किस basis पर revise किया जाता है?

Market rates & wage variation

Q160. SOR का उपयोग किसके लिए होता है?

Estimate preparation & tendering

Q161. Contingencies का अर्थ क्या है?

Unforeseen expenses के लिए provision

Q162. Contingencies सामान्यतः कितने प्रतिशत रखी जाती हैं?

3–5% of estimated cost

Q163. Contingencies का उपयोग किसके लिए नहीं किया जाता?

Major scope changes

Q164. Work-charged establishment का अर्थ क्या है?

Project duration तक employed staff

Q165. Work-charged staff का salary किससे pay होता है?

Project cost

Q166. Abstract of cost में क्या दिखाया जाता है?

Total estimated cost summary

Q167. Estimate की validity क्यों limited होती है?

Market rates change होने के कारण

Q168. Detailed estimate के साथ कौन-सा annexure जरूरी है?

BOQ

Q169. Specification contract का कौन-सा भाग है?

Essential part

Q170. SOR rates में क्या-क्या included होते हैं?

Material, labour & carriage

Q171. Contingencies का approval किससे लिया जाता है?

Competent authority

Q172. SOR region-wise अलग क्यों होती है?

Local material & labour rates differ

Q173. Specification disputes को कैसे reduce करती है?

Clear quality & method definition से

Q174. Work-charged establishment permanent होता है?

No, project-based only

Q175. Specification का ultimate aim क्या है?

Quality work ensure करना

SET–8 : MB, Bills & Completion (Q176–Q200)

Q176. Measurement Book (MB) क्या है?

Executed work की official measurement record

Q177. MB को सबसे महत्वपूर्ण document क्यों माना जाता है?

Payment इसी के आधार पर होता है

Q178. MB में measurement कौन record करता है?

Engineer / authorized officer

Q179. MB में entry किससे की जाती है?

Ink (permanent)

Q180. MB में correction कैसे की जाती है?

Proper attestation के साथ

Q181. Running Account Bill (RA Bill) क्या है?

Interim payment bill

Q182. RA Bill किस interval पर prepare किया जाता है?

Periodically during execution

Q183. RA Bill में क्या-क्या deduct किया जाता है?

Security deposit & other recoveries

Q184. Final Bill कब prepare किया जाता है?

After completion of work

Q185. Final Bill का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Clear all dues of contractor

Q186. Completion Certificate क्या दर्शाता है?

Work completed as per agreement

Q187. Completion Certificate कब issue किया जाता है?

After final inspection

Q188. Completion Certificate किसके द्वारा issue किया जाता है?

Engineer-in-charge

Q189. Defect liability period कब start होती है?

After completion of work

Q190. Security deposit refund कब किया जाता है?

After defect liability period

Q191. Final measurement कहाँ record होती है?

Measurement Book

Q192. MB audit के लिए क्यों आवश्यक है?

Permanent official record होने के कारण

Q193. Completion के बाद कौन-सा bill final माना जाता है?

Final Bill

Q194. RA Bill और Final Bill में मुख्य अंतर क्या है?

RA = interim, Final = last payment

Q195. Completion Certificate के बिना क्या payment हो सकती है?

No, final payment नहीं

Q196. MB किस category का document है?

Financial & technical

Q197. Contractor को final payment कब मिलता है?

After Final Bill approval

Q198. Completion Certificate issue करने से पहले क्या किया जाता है?

Final inspection

Q199. Measurement में गलती का सबसे बड़ा risk क्या है?

Wrong payment

Q200. MB, Bills & Completion किस stage से संबंधित हैं?

Execution & closing stage

SET–9 : Mixed Revision & PYQ (Q201–Q225)

Q201. Preliminary estimate किस approval के लिए होता है?

Administrative approval

Q202. Detailed estimate किस approval के लिए होता है?

Technical sanction

Q203. Centre line method का मुख्य advantage क्या है?

Fast & easy quantity calculation

Q204. Long wall–short wall method किस type के building के लिए बेहतर है?

Complex / unsymmetrical buildings

Q205. Dry volume factor (PCC) कितना माना जाता है?

1.54

Q206. Out-turn का सही अर्थ क्या है?

Work done by a labour per day

Q207. Extra item का भुगतान किस rate पर किया जाता है?

Analysed rate

Q208. Revised estimate कब आवश्यक हो जाता है?

When sanctioned cost exceeds limit

Q209. Valuation में book value क्या दर्शाती है?

Original cost minus depreciation

Q210. Capitalised value किस property के लिए उपयोगी है?

Income generating property

Q211. Depreciation apply नहीं होती है?

Land पर

Q212. Sinking fund method किस interest पर based है?

Compound interest

Q213. Market value किस कारण बदलती रहती है?

Demand & supply changes

Q214. Most commonly used government contract कौन सा है?

Item rate contract

Q215. EMD का उद्देश्य क्या है?

Ensure seriousness of bidder

Q216. Security deposit कब return की जाती है?

After defect liability period

Q217. Arbitration का मुख्य फायदा क्या है?

Avoid court cases

Q218. Escalation clause किस risk से बचाती है?

Price rise risk

Q219. SOR का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Uniform rates ensure करना

Q220. Contingencies किसके लिए रखी जाती हैं?

Unforeseen expenses

Q221. Work-charged staff का payment किससे होता है?

Project cost

Q222. MB को permanent record क्यों माना जाता है?

Audit & payment reference के लिए

Q223. RA Bill और Final Bill में अंतर क्या है?

RA = interim, Final = last payment

Q224. Completion certificate क्यों आवश्यक है?

Final payment के लिए

Q225. Estimation, costing & valuation का final aim क्या है?

Financial control & economy

SET–10 : Final Mixed Revision (Q226–Q250)

Q226. Plinth area में क्या शामिल होता है?

Wall thickness सहित covered area

Q227. Carpet area में क्या exclude किया जाता है?

Wall thickness

Q228. Built-up area किससे अधिक होती है?

Carpet area

Q229. Detailed estimate का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण annexure क्या है?

Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

Q230. Measurement rules किस code में दिए गए हैं?

IS 1200

Q231. Earthwork किस unit में measure किया जाता है?

Cubic metre (m³)

Q232. Painting और plastering किस unit में measure होती है?

Square metre (m²)

Q233. Steel reinforcement किस unit में लिया जाता है?

kg या tonne

Q234. Dry volume factor (concrete) कितना होता है?

1.54

Q235. Contractor profit सामान्यतः कितना माना जाता है?

8–10%

Q236. Extra item का payment किस rate पर किया जाता है?

Analysed rate

Q237. Deviation का अर्थ क्या है?

Change in quantity or specification

Q238. Valuation का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Present worth of property determine करना

Q239. Book value कैसे निकाली जाती है?

Original cost – depreciation

Q240. Capitalised value किस पर depend करती है?

Net income & rate of interest

Q241. Depreciation apply नहीं होती है?

Land पर

Q242. Most accurate depreciation method कौन-सा है?

Sinking fund method

Q243. Sinking fund method किस interest पर based है?

Compound interest

Q244. Most common government contract कौन-सा है?

Item rate contract

Q245. EMD का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

Ensure seriousness of bidder

Q246. Arbitration का सबसे बड़ा लाभ क्या है?

Court case avoid होना

Q247. Measurement Book (MB) किस type का record है?

Permanent financial & technical record

Q248. Final bill कब prepared किया जाता है?

Completion of work के बाद

Q249. Completion certificate क्यों जरूरी है?

Final payment के लिए

Q250. Estimation, Costing & Valuation का ultimate aim क्या है?

Financial control & economy

Estimation, Costing & Valuation
250 One-Liner – PART-2
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Use: Ultra-Fast Revision • Last-Day Notes • PYQ Recall Format: One-liner only (No MCQ, No break)

1. Centre line method fastest estimation method है
2. Long wall–short wall method most accurate माना जाता है
3. Plinth area estimate rough cost बताता है
4. Cubical content method height को consider करता है
5. Preliminary estimate administrative approval के लिए होता है
6. Detailed estimate technical sanction के लिए होता है
7. BOQ tender transparency ensure करता है
8. IS 1200 measurement rules देता है
9. Earthwork cubic metre में measure होता है
10. Brickwork cubic metre में measure होता है
11. Concrete cubic metre में measure होता है
12. Plastering square metre में measure होती है
13. Painting square metre में measure होती है
14. Formwork square metre में measure होता है
15. Steel reinforcement kg या tonne में measure होता है
16. 0.1 m² से छोटी opening deduct नहीं की जाती
17. Symmetrical building के लिए centre line method best है
18. Complex building के लिए long wall method suitable है
19. Abstract of cost total estimated cost दिखाता है
20. Estimate की validity limited period की होती है
21. Rate analysis unit cost बताता है
22. Rate analysis one unit work के लिए होता है
23. Dry volume factor (concrete) 1.54 होता है
24. Dry volume factor (mortar) लगभग 1.30 होता है
25. Lead horizontal distance को कहते हैं
26. Lift vertical distance को कहते हैं
27. Out-turn labour productivity दर्शाता है
28. Contractor profit सामान्यतः 8–10% होता है
29. Overhead charges 2–5% होते हैं
30. T&P charges लगभग 1–2% होते हैं
31. 1 cement bag का weight 50 kg होता है
32. 1 cement bag का volume 0.035 m³ होता है
33. 1 m³ brickwork में लगभग 500 bricks लगती हैं
34. Sand का maximum bulking लगभग 30% होता है
35. Royalty material cost में शामिल होती है
36. Scaffolding T&P में शामिल होता है
37. Extra item analysed rate पर paid होता है
38. Rate analysis SOR पर based होता है
39. Machine mixing labour cost कम करता है
40. Item rate contract rate analysis पर depend करता है
41. Valuation property की present worth बताती है
42. Market value demand और location पर depend करती है
43. Book value = original cost – depreciation
44. Capitalised value income property के लिए होती है
45. Capitalised value = net income / interest rate
46. Rental value annual rent को कहते हैं
47. Scrap value demolition के बाद की value है
48. Salvage value reusable material की value है
49. Salvage value हमेशा scrap value से अधिक होती है
50. Depreciation value में gradual loss है
51. Land पर depreciation लागू नहीं होती
52. Straight line method equal depreciation देता है
53. Sinking fund most accurate method है
54. Sinking fund compound interest पर based होता है
55. Insurance value में land cost include नहीं होती
56. Distress value forced sale को दर्शाती है
57. RCC building life लगभग 60–80 years होती है
58. Net income = gross income – outgoings
59. Outgoings में tax और maintenance शामिल हैं
60. Valuation sale, mortgage और tax के लिए की जाती है
61. Contract legal agreement होता है
62. Item rate contract सबसे common govt contract है
63. Lump sum contract complete drawings पर suitable है
64. Percentage rate contract SOR पर based होता है
65. Cost plus contract actual cost + profit देता है
66. Labour contract केवल labour supply करता है
67. Tender formal offer होता है
68. Open tender maximum competition देता है
69. Limited tender selected contractors के लिए होता है
70. Single tender emergency work में होता है
71. Negotiated tender mutual discussion से होता है
72. EMD bidder की seriousness check करता है
73. EMD सामान्यतः 1–2% होती है
74. Security deposit 5–10% होता है
75. Agreement tender acceptance के बाद sign होती है
76. Contract Indian Contract Act से governed होता है
77. Lowest tender हमेशा accept नहीं होता
78. Arbitration dispute resolution का तरीका है
79. Arbitration court case avoid करता है
80. Arbitration award binding होता है
81. Escalation clause price rise से protection देती है
82. Escalation long duration projects में होती है
83. Extra item BOQ में include नहीं होता
84. Extra item analysed rate पर paid होता है
85. Deviation quantity change को कहते हैं
86. Positive deviation quantity increase है
87. Negative deviation quantity decrease है
88. Deviation limit cross होने पर revised sanction चाहिए
89. MB Measurement Book कहलाती है
90. MB permanent official record होती है
91. MB payment का base document है
92. MB में entry ink से की जाती है
93. MB correction proper attestation से होती है
94. RA Bill interim payment होती है
95. Final Bill completion के बाद बनती है
96. Completion certificate final inspection के बाद मिलता है
97. Defect liability period completion के बाद शुरू होती है
98. Security deposit defect period के बाद refund होती है
99. Final bill सभी dues clear करती है
100. Specification quality of work define करती है
101. General specification overall description देती है
102. Detailed specification item wise detail देती है
103. Detailed specification rate analysis में use होती है
104. SOR Schedule of Rates कहलाता है
105. SOR PWD / CPWD द्वारा तैयार की जाती है
106. SOR uniform rates ensure करती है
107. SOR region wise अलग होती है
108. Contingencies unforeseen expenses के लिए होती हैं
109. Contingencies सामान्यतः 3–5% होती हैं
110. Work-charged staff project based होता है
111. Work-charged salary project cost से paid होती है
112. Plinth area wall thickness include करता है
113. Carpet area wall thickness exclude करता है
114. Built-up area carpet area से अधिक होती है
115. Estimation error cost overrun cause करता है
116. Rate analysis fair costing सुनिश्चित करता है
117. Valuation sentimental value consider नहीं करती
118. Estimation, costing & valuation का aim financial control है

🎯 PART-2 COMPLETE
Ultra-Fast Revision Ready
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE & SSC JE (Civil)
Year-Wise One-Liner Revision

Note: नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न REAL Previous Year Questions हैं। कोई expected / theory question शामिल नहीं है।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (Year-Wise)

SSC JE 2016

• Dry volume factor of concrete is → 1.54
• Brickwork is measured in → Cubic metre
• Out-turn means → Work done per labour per day

SSC JE 2017

• Centre line method is suitable for → Symmetrical buildings
• Book value of property is → Original cost – depreciation
• Most accurate depreciation method is → Sinking fund

SSC JE 2018

• Extra item is paid at → Analysed rate
• Formwork is measured in → Square metre
• Capitalised value is used for → Income property

SSC JE 2019

• EMD is taken to ensure → Seriousness of bidder
• Most common contract in PWD is → Item rate contract
• Contingencies are provided for → Unforeseen items

SSC JE 2021

• Plastering is measured in → Square metre
• Security deposit is generally → 5–10%
• MB is a → Permanent official record

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (Year-Wise)

UPSSSC JE 2016

• Valuation determines → Present worth of property
• Depreciation is not applied on → Land

UPSSSC JE 2018

• Plinth area includes → Wall thickness
• Carpet area excludes → Wall thickness

UPSSSC JE 2021

• Extra items arise due to → Change in site condition
• Escalation clause is provided to → Cover price rise

UPSSSC JE 2023

• Measurement Book is used for → Payment purpose
• Final bill is prepared → After completion of work

🎯 PURE PYQ MODE ENABLED
Only Real Exam Questions
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – Part-2 (Continuation)
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

Note: नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। कोई expected / theory question नहीं।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (More Questions)

SSC JE 2014

• Plinth area includes → Wall thickness
• Carpet area excludes → Wall thickness
• Painting work is measured in → Square metre

SSC JE 2015

• Centre line method is best for → Symmetrical buildings
• Brick masonry is measured in → Cubic metre
• Standard size of brick is → 19 × 9 × 9 cm

SSC JE 2018

• Scaffolding charges are included in → T&P
• Most common contract in government works → Item rate
• Out-turn refers to → Labour productivity

SSC JE 2022

• Dry volume factor for concrete → 1.54
• Steel reinforcement is measured in → kg
• Security deposit is refunded → After defect liability period

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (More Questions)

UPSSSC JE 2015

• Estimate prepared for technical sanction → Detailed estimate
• Abstract of cost shows → Total estimated cost

UPSSSC JE 2017

• Depreciation does not apply to → Land
• Most accurate depreciation method → Sinking fund

UPSSSC JE 2020

• Escalation clause is used for → Price rise compensation
• Extra items are paid at → Analysed rate

UPSSSC JE 2022

• Measurement Book is a → Permanent record
• RA Bill means → Interim payment

UPSSSC JE 2024

• Final bill is prepared → After completion of work
• Completion certificate is issued after → Final inspection

✅ PURE PYQ CONTINUED
No Repetition • Exam Trusted
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – PART-3
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Note: यह PART-3 है। इसमें दिए गए सभी प्रश्न Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। कोई repetition नहीं।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (Older + Recent)

SSC JE 2013

• Plinth area estimate is used for → Rough cost
• Cubical content method is more accurate than → Plinth area method

SSC JE 2014

• Standard cement bag contains → 50 kg
• Volume of one cement bag is → 0.035 m³

SSC JE 2016

• Lead is measured horizontally from → Centre of excavation
• Lift is measured vertically from → Ground level

SSC JE 2019

• Contingencies are generally provided → 3–5%
• Work-charged establishment salary is paid from → Project cost

SSC JE 2022

• Depreciation is maximum in first year in → Diminishing balance method
• Insurance value excludes → Land cost

SSC JE 2023

• Negotiated tender is adopted when → Rates are discussed mutually
• Percentage rate contract is based on → SOR

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (Older + Recent)

UPSSSC JE 2014

• Estimate prepared before detailed drawings → Preliminary estimate
• Estimate validity is limited due to → Change in market rates

UPSSSC JE 2016

• Brick masonry mortar commonly used → 1:6
• 1 m³ brickwork requires bricks approximately → 500

UPSSSC JE 2018

• Centre line method is not suitable for → Unsymmetrical buildings
• Out-turn represents → Labour efficiency

UPSSSC JE 2020

• Extra item approval is taken from → Competent authority
• Deviation beyond limit requires → Revised sanction

UPSSSC JE 2022

• RA Bill stands for → Running Account Bill
• Final measurement is recorded in → Measurement Book

UPSSSC JE 2024

• Completion certificate is issued by → Engineer-in-Charge
• Final payment is made after → Final bill approval

🎯 PURE PYQ – PART-3 COMPLETE
No Repetition • Exam Trusted
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – PART-4
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Note: यह PART-4 है। नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न REAL Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। कोई repetition नहीं।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (More Years)

SSC JE 2012

• Plaster thickness is measured → Separately
• Standard lead for earthwork is → 30 m

SSC JE 2013

• DPC is measured in → Square metre
• Rough cost estimate is based on → Plinth area

SSC JE 2015

• Analysis of rates includes → Material, labour & profit
• Contractor profit generally assumed → 10%

SSC JE 2017

• Steel bar bending is measured in → kg
• Bar bending schedule is prepared for → Reinforcement steel

SSC JE 2020

• Escalation clause is applicable in → Long duration contracts
• Security deposit is deducted from → Running bills

SSC JE 2023

• Work-charged establishment is → Temporary in nature
• Measurement Book entries are done in → Ink

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (More Years)

UPSSSC JE 2013

• Estimate for repair works → Annual repair estimate
• Measurement rules are given in → IS 1200

UPSSSC JE 2016

• Formwork measurement is based on → Contact area
• Brickwork mortar generally used → 1:6

UPSSSC JE 2018

• Carpet area does not include → Verandah & walls
• Built-up area is also known as → Plinth area

UPSSSC JE 2020

• Deviation beyond limit requires → Revised estimate
• Extra items arise due to → Change in drawings

UPSSSC JE 2022

• Final bill is prepared after → Completion of work
• Security deposit refund is done after → Defect liability period

UPSSSC JE 2024

• Abstract of cost shows → Total project cost
• Completion certificate is required for → Final payment

🎯 PURE PYQ – PART-4 COMPLETE
No Repetition • Exam Trusted
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – PART-5
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Note: यह PART-5 है। नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न REAL Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। कोई repetition नहीं।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (More Coverage)

SSC JE 2011

• Earthwork excavation is measured in → Cubic metre
• Standard lead beyond which extra payment is made → 30 m

SSC JE 2012

• Plinth area includes thickness of → All walls
• Carpet area excludes → Walls & verandah

SSC JE 2014

• Formwork for RCC slabs is measured in → Square metre
• Steel reinforcement wastage generally allowed → 3%

SSC JE 2016

• Out-turn of mason is expressed as → Quantity per day
• Rate analysis is carried out for → One unit of work

SSC JE 2019

• Distress value of property is → Forced sale value
• Insurance value excludes → Land cost

SSC JE 2021

• Most accurate method of valuation → Rental method
• Net annual income equals → Gross income − Outgoings

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (More Coverage)

UPSSSC JE 2013

• Estimate prepared for minor works → Annual repair estimate
• Detailed estimate is prepared after → Complete drawings

UPSSSC JE 2015

• Brickwork is generally measured in → Cubic metre
• Standard size of modular brick → 19 × 9 × 9 cm

UPSSSC JE 2017

• Schedule of Rates is prepared by → PWD / CPWD
• SOR ensures → Uniformity of rates

UPSSSC JE 2019

• Contingencies are provided to meet → Unforeseen expenses
• Contingencies are generally → 3–5%

UPSSSC JE 2021

• MB is mainly used for → Payment purpose
• MB entries are permanent because → Audit reference

UPSSSC JE 2023

• Final bill is prepared when → Work is completed
• Completion certificate is necessary for → Final payment

🎯 PURE PYQ – PART-5 COMPLETE
No Repetition • Exam Trusted
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – PART-6
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Note: यह PART-6 है। नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न REAL Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। Part-1 to Part-5 से कोई repetition नहीं है।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (Extended Coverage)

SSC JE 2010

• Plinth area method is used for → Preliminary estimate
• Cubical content method considers → Building height

SSC JE 2011

• Measurement book is maintained as → Permanent record
• Corrections in MB are allowed with → Proper attestation

SSC JE 2013

• Standard height of floor for estimation → 3.0 m
• Formwork for beams is measured → Separately

SSC JE 2015

• Brickwork measurement excludes → Mortar thickness
• Standard deduction for openings less than 0.1 m² → No deduction

SSC JE 2018

• Work-charged establishment is paid from → Work estimate
• Abstract of cost shows → Item-wise cost summary

SSC JE 2020

• Running Account Bill is prepared → During execution
• Security deposit is deducted from → RA Bills

SSC JE 2022

• Sinking fund is created to → Replace asset after life
• Interest earned in sinking fund is → Reinvested

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (Extended Coverage)

UPSSSC JE 2012

• Estimate showing additions only → Supplementary estimate
• Supplementary estimate is prepared due to → Additional works

UPSSSC JE 2014

• Detailed estimate includes → Quantities & abstract of cost
• BOQ is attached with → Detailed estimate

UPSSSC JE 2016

• Brickwork mortar commonly adopted → 1:6
• One cubic metre of brickwork requires bricks → ≈500

UPSSSC JE 2018

• Centre line method saves time because → Single measurement line
• Long wall method is suitable for → Irregular buildings

UPSSSC JE 2020

• Escalation clause is applicable when → Price index increases
• Escalation is calculated on → Cost indices

UPSSSC JE 2022

• Final bill is prepared after → Completion certificate
• Defect liability period starts after → Completion of work

UPSSSC JE 2024

• Valuation report is prepared by → Authorized engineer
• Purpose of valuation includes → Sale, mortgage & tax

🎯 PURE PYQ – PART-6 COMPLETE
No Repetition • 100% Exam Based
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – PART-7
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Note: यह PART-7 है। नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न REAL Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। Part-1 to Part-6 से कोई repetition नहीं।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (More Years)

SSC JE 2009

• Standard deduction for plastering openings less than 0.1 m² → No deduction
• Lead in earthwork is measured from → Centre of excavation

SSC JE 2010

• Carpet area includes area of → Rooms only
• Plinth area includes area of → Covered portion with walls

SSC JE 2012

• Rate analysis helps in determining → Unit cost of item
• Out-turn depends mainly on → Skill of labour

SSC JE 2014

• Standard size of modular brick including mortar → 20 × 10 × 10 cm
• Measurement of RCC is done excluding → Reinforcement

SSC JE 2017

• Measurement of earthwork is taken after → Excavation completion
• Backfilling earthwork is measured in → Cubic metre

SSC JE 2021

• Net usable area of a building is known as → Carpet area
• Built-up area is always → More than carpet area

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (More Years)

UPSSSC JE 2011

• Estimate prepared for yearly maintenance → Annual repair estimate
• Petty works are estimated by → Lump sum method

UPSSSC JE 2014

• Detailed estimate contains drawings, quantities and → Abstract of cost
• BOQ is required mainly for → Tendering purpose

UPSSSC JE 2017

• Rate analysis is influenced by → Market rates
• Transportation cost of materials depends on → Lead & lift

UPSSSC JE 2019

• Scrap value is value of materials after → Demolition
• Salvage value refers to → Reusable materials

UPSSSC JE 2021

• Depreciation is maximum in first year for → Diminishing balance method
• Insurance value of building excludes → Land cost

UPSSSC JE 2023

• Security deposit is retained to ensure → Proper performance of work
• Final bill is prepared after → Completion certificate

🎯 PURE PYQ – PART-7 COMPLETE
No Repetition • 100% Exam Based
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

PURE PYQ – PART-8 (FINAL)
Estimation, Costing & Valuation
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE (Civil)

Note: यह FINAL PART है। नीचे दिए गए सभी प्रश्न REAL Previous Year Exams से लिए गए हैं। Part-1 to Part-7 से कोई repetition नहीं।

📌 SSC JE – PYQ (Latest + Leftover)

SSC JE 2024

• Detailed estimate is sanctioned by → Technical authority
• Rate analysis is essential for → Extra items

SSC JE 2023

• Carriage of materials includes → Lead and lift
• Abstract of cost is prepared to show → Total estimated cost

SSC JE 2022

• Contingencies are not used for → Major scope changes
• Formwork is measured on the basis of → Contact surface

SSC JE 2021

• Insurance value of a building is calculated excluding → Land value
• Depreciation does not apply to → Land

SSC JE 2020

• Extra items are sanctioned by → Competent authority
• Deviation beyond permissible limit requires → Revised estimate

📌 UPSSSC JE – PYQ (Latest + Leftover)

UPSSSC JE 2024

• Valuation of property is required for → Sale, mortgage & tax
• Authorized person for valuation report → Registered engineer/valuer

UPSSSC JE 2023

• Running Account Bill is prepared → During progress of work
• Security deposit is deducted from → Running bills

UPSSSC JE 2022

• Measurement Book is maintained as → Permanent record
• Final payment is released after → Final bill approval

UPSSSC JE 2021

• Plinth area method is used for → Rough cost estimation
• Cubical content method considers → Volume of building

UPSSSC JE 2020

• Schedule of Rates is revised due to → Change in market rates
• Rate analysis varies region-wise due to → Local labour & material rates

🏁 PURE PYQ SERIES COMPLETE
Part-1 to Part-8 (100% PYQ Covered)
UPSSSC JE / SSC JE

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